Friday May 24th, 2013    Home  |   Topics  |   Most Popular  |   Media Bookings  |   About Us  |   Contact Us  |   Book Store  |   Support
Search & Archives
 
View All Authors
View All Topics
RSS 2.0 Feed
Atom 0.3 Feed
Font Size
[+] Increase
[−] Decrease
Reset
Receive PM in
daily digest form

subscribe
unsubscribe


Must-Read Columnists
Mitch Albom
Michael Barone
Dave Barry
Tony Blankley
Mona Charen
Linda Chavez
Greg Crosby
John Fund
Frank J. Gaffney
Jonah Goldberg
Jonathan Gurwitz
Victor Davis Hanson
Nat Hentoff
Jeff Jacoby
Paul Johnson
Ch. Krauthammer
David Limbaugh
Michelle Malkin
Bill O'Reilly
Clarence Page
Dennis Prager
Wesley Pruden
Jonathan Rauch
Cokie & Steve Roberts
Debra J. Saunders
Thomas Sowell
Mark Steyn
John Stossel
Cal Thomas
Bob Tyrrell
Diana West
George Will
Walter Williams
Mort Zuckerman
Cartoonists
Chuck Asay
Chip Bok
Dry Bones
Gary Brookins
Prickly City
John Cole
Cox & Forkum
J. D. Crowe
John Deering
Mallard Fillmore
Jake Fuller
Ed Gamble
Bob Gorrell
Joe Heller
Steve Kelley
Jeff Koterba
Doug Marlette
Michael Ramirez
Jeff Stahler
Wayne Stayskal
Gary Varvel
Monthly Archives
May 2013
April 2013
March 2013
February 2013
January 2013
December 2012
November 2012
October 2012
September 2012
August 2012
July 2012
June 2012
May 2012
April 2012
March 2012
February 2012
January 2012
December 2011
November 2011
October 2011
September 2011
August 2011
July 2011
June 2011
May 2011
April 2011
March 2011
February 2011
January 2011
December 2010
November 2010
October 2010
September 2010
August 2010
July 2010
June 2010
May 2010
April 2010
March 2010
February 2010
January 2010
December 2009
November 2009
October 2009
September 2009
August 2009
July 2009
June 2009
May 2009
April 2009
March 2009
February 2009
January 2009
December 2008
November 2008
October 2008
September 2008
August 2008
July 2008
June 2008
May 2008
April 2008
March 2008
February 2008
January 2008
December 2007
November 2007
October 2007
September 2007
August 2007
July 2007
June 2007
May 2007
April 2007
March 2007
February 2007
January 2007
December 2006
November 2006
October 2006
September 2006
August 2006


Tom Friedman waves the white flag
By Judith A. Klinghoffer (bio)

 

More »

Posted by Judith A. Klinghoffer on September 30th, 2007
Permanent link: Tom Friedman waves the white flag

“The Brave One” And The Second Amendment
By The Stiletto (bio)

“The Brave One” traces one woman’s journey from victim to vigilante when her fiancé was beaten to death, and she was left for dead after being set upon by a three thugs in Central Park one evening. Leaving aside the fact that no sane or savvy New Yorker would walk in Central Park at night, Erica Bain (Jodie Foster) is the archetypical “enlightened” (read: liberal) New Yorker: She hosts a talk show on NPR called “Street Walk,” which takes listeners on a sentimental journey around New York City to recapture days gone by and preserve fading memories for posterity; is engaged to David Kirmani (Naveen Andrews) a younger man, whose parents immigrated to the U.S. from India; and lives in a funky, not-quite-safe neighborhood in upper Manhattan. 

More »

Posted by The Stiletto on September 30th, 2007
Permanent link: “The Brave One” And The Second Amendment

Why Scotland was Attacked
By Julia Gorin (bio)

In April, education officials in Scotland made the dhimmi gesture of instituting Sharia-like rules on pupils:

More »

Posted by Julia Gorin on September 30th, 2007
Permanent link: Why Scotland was Attacked

Journalist’s brutal slaying should be a wake-up call to the world
By Bridget Johnson (bio)

The photo on the front of the New York Times was chilling: A crowd of Burmese fleeing from soldiers on a rain-slicked street, while one man in khaki shorts and a checked shirt — wielding a camera, the Myanmar regime’s worst enemy — is left behind. Pushed to the pavement by a soldier, the Japanese journalist is killed with a shot through the heart. Subsequent photos and video show that the veteran correspondent for the APF news agency is left in the street to die. The images of the murder of Kenji Nagai will be to the Myanmar crackdowns as the Tank Man was to the Tiananmen Square massacre. In the face of tight media repression, Nagai tried to bring the story of the Burmese people’s fight for democracy and the vicious regime’s reaction to the outside world. And even though he died trying to do so, will the world pay attention? Considering the lackadaisical reaction thus far at the U.N., I’m not holding my breath.

More »

Posted by Bridget Johnson on September 29th, 2007
Permanent link: Journalist’s brutal slaying should be a wake-up call to the world

“Phony Soldiers” and Limbaugh’s Dichotomized World
By Steven L. Taylor (bio)

Cross-posted from PoliBlog:

More »

Posted by Steven L. Taylor on September 29th, 2007
Permanent link: “Phony Soldiers” and Limbaugh’s Dichotomized World

The Fortunate Fall of a Ballot Initiative
By John J. Pitney,Jr. (bio)

An effort to change California’s method of allocating electoral votes has collapsed.  Shortly after sponsors began gathering signatures for a ballot measure to adopt a district system, the major players suddenly quit. “The levels of support just weren’t there,” a fundraiser told the San Francisco Chronicle.

More »

Posted by John J. Pitney,Jr. on September 28th, 2007
Permanent link: The Fortunate Fall of a Ballot Initiative

Holding my nose
By Rachel Raskin-Zrihen (bio)

(First published in the Vallejo Times-Herald) 

More »

Posted by Rachel Raskin-Zrihen on September 28th, 2007
Permanent link: Holding my nose

Serbs and Albanians Meet Face to Face in NY
By Julia Gorin (bio)

Friday marked the first of four days of face-to-face negotiations between a Serbian delegation and a Kosovo-Albanian delegation in New York, for a final one-sided attempt at compromise regarding Kosovo’s status. The meeting ended abruptly when the Albanian delegation opened fire on the Serbian delegation, killing everyone. The U.S. and EU condemned the resulting Serbian intransigence, pointing to the massacre as proof that independence for Kosovo is the only rational solution. President Bush announced that the slaughter of the Serbian delegation has made it necessary to once again bomb Serbia. On its way out, the Albanian delegation asked for Madeleine Albright to come in and clean up the place. [End.]

More »

Posted by Julia Gorin on September 28th, 2007
Permanent link: Serbs and Albanians Meet Face to Face in NY

UK BOYCOTT OF ISRAELI ACADEMICS RULED ILLEGAL
By Judith A. Klinghoffer (bio)

This just in:

More »

Posted by Judith A. Klinghoffer on September 28th, 2007
Permanent link: UK BOYCOTT OF ISRAELI ACADEMICS RULED ILLEGAL

WILL THE EU SAVE US FROM SWF?
By Judith A. Klinghoffer (bio)

 I know the track record is not promising. But, perhaps, we will be that lucky for their realization that nothing less than the integrity of the Capitalistic system is at stake is growing by the day. We certainly cannot trust businesses to avoid selling SWF owning tyrants the rope with which to hang them. They, of course, are sure they can outsmart those “darn foreigners!” After all, Blackstone has lost value:

More »

Posted by Judith A. Klinghoffer on September 28th, 2007
Permanent link: WILL THE EU SAVE US FROM SWF?

In Case you didn’t Hear about the Summer’s Prison Break in Kosovo
By Julia Gorin (bio)

From AP, Aug. 20:

More »

Posted by Julia Gorin on September 27th, 2007
Permanent link: In Case you didn’t Hear about the Summer’s Prison Break in Kosovo

Stop Dubai from gaining influence over Nasdaq
By Judith A. Klinghoffer (bio)

I have asked: Must disaster precede action on SWF too? Not if we act now. There is no more time to lose. The Gulf States are using their petrodollars strategically. They want a say in running Western stock exchanges:

More »

Posted by Judith A. Klinghoffer on September 27th, 2007
Permanent link: Stop Dubai from gaining influence over Nasdaq

An Inconvenient Solidarity
By Arnold Ahlert (bio)

For the past few nights, PBS has been broadcasting Ken Burns’ documentary, “The War” about WWll. I suspect it shows a country almost beyond comprehension for today’s “progressive” Americans.

More »

Posted by Arnold Ahlert on September 27th, 2007
Permanent link: An Inconvenient Solidarity

Why Middle Class Americans Can’t Afford Health Insurance: Part II
By The Stiletto (bio)

More than one-third of the people in the United States under the age of 65 had no health insurance for some or all of 2006 and 2007, according to Families USA, an advocacy group representing the uninsured. The most recent census data pegs the number of people in the U.S. without insurance in 2006 at 47 million people, but this is an annual snapshot that does not count those who had no health coverage for only part of the year. 

More »

Posted by The Stiletto on September 26th, 2007
Permanent link: Why Middle Class Americans Can’t Afford Health Insurance: Part II

Best Bad News Possible
By Mike Long (bio)

John Dingell proposes not only a huge gas tax but also ENDING THE HOME MORTGAGE DEDUCTION for “large” homes–all this to fight global warming change. (Pause. Laugh. Roll eyes.) Now, Dingell’s not serious about any of this–he said as much over the summer on the Sunday talk shows. He says he just wants to get the discussion going–and, if my memory is correct, he also said that he wants to show others that it’s impossible to pass this kind of stuff.

More »

Posted by Mike Long on September 26th, 2007
Permanent link: Best Bad News Possible

ASIAN “NATO?”
By Judith A. Klinghoffer (bio)

It has been awhile since I wrote about the ongoing Great Asian game (here and here) detailing the competition for resources, bases and prepositioning of weapons. It is all very much reminiscent of the pre Great War period in Europe. But Daniel Twining hopes that The New Asian order’s challenge to China may turn out to be more like post World War II Europe:

More »

Posted by Judith A. Klinghoffer on September 26th, 2007
Permanent link: ASIAN “NATO?”

AAA Grants Dream Vacation in Greater Albania
By Julia Gorin (bio)

I love that magazines have a lag time, known in the industry as lead time. It refers to the time between the month that an article is written and the month it hits newsstands or gets to subscribers. In the May/June issue of “AAA’s Travel’s Companion” titled VIA magazine, six essay finalists were announced for Triple-A’s 2007 Dream Vacation Contest. Readers were asked to submit essays about their dream vacations, and 1,800 readers responded. While the finalists were chosen by judges, the winner was to be chosen by readers; the six competing essays were printed in the issue. The third one, written by a teacher named Chondra Winger in California, caught my attention:

More »

Posted by Julia Gorin on September 26th, 2007
Permanent link: AAA Grants Dream Vacation in Greater Albania

Black and White and in the Red All Over
By Jerry Bowyer (bio)

Take a look at the attached stock price chart and you get some idea what it must feel like to be one of the owners of the New York Times. Over the past couple of years, the poor souls who were trusting enough to buy into the New York Times Company have been repeatedly beaten with a stick. Stock in the Times Company lags the Washington Post, the Dow Jones Industrial Average and, worst of all, Rupert Murdoch’s Newscorp by a mile. No doubt you can find a worse investment, sub-prime mortgage companies perhaps, but it would hard to do so.

More »

Posted by Jerry Bowyer on September 26th, 2007
Permanent link: Black and White and in the Red All Over

ANTISEMITIC CONSPIRACY THEORY COMES TO CHINA
By Judith A. Klinghoffer (bio)

China escaped it for thousands of years. No more. Anti-Semitism has been globalized. A Chinese American took it upon himself to “inform” his former compatriots that the world is run by “The Rothchilds” and, apparently, some Chinese buy into conspiracy theory:

More »

Posted by Judith A. Klinghoffer on September 26th, 2007
Permanent link: ANTISEMITIC CONSPIRACY THEORY COMES TO CHINA

America’s Most Important Date…
By Robert A. George (bio)

…is of course September 11th, not July 4th or any other date when we might point to our freedoms were affirmed. And, yes, you are silly if you t hought that the Constitution was designed to cover America during times of war and peace.

More »

Posted by Robert A. George on September 26th, 2007
Permanent link: America’s Most Important Date…

The new radicals
By Neil Steinberg (bio)

I put out the flag on Sept. 11 in honor of the victims, who died in our stead, as our proxies, fellow Americans killed by those mad to kill any generic American.As I stood there, hand on my heart, saying the pledge, I snuck a guilty glance up the street, uneasy about how this brief patriotic ritual might be viewed by the neighbors.

More »

Posted by Neil Steinberg on September 26th, 2007
Permanent link: The new radicals

Red States and Blue States: Why the Vice Versa Could Never Be
By William Beutler (bio)

Here’s a thought that’s been kicking around the back of my head for awhile: the assignment of “red” and “blue” to describe right-leaning and left-leaning political factions in the United States has stuck in part because it contradicts these two colors’ previous connotations, and to the benefit of the left and right alike.

More »

Posted by William Beutler on September 26th, 2007
Permanent link: Red States and Blue States: Why the Vice Versa Could Never Be

Larry King’s Lox Box
By Howard Mortman (bio)

Further evidence that Larry King may be slowing down a step.

More »

Posted by Howard Mortman on September 26th, 2007
Permanent link: Larry King’s Lox Box

Money ball
By Peary Perry (bio)

No good deed goes unpunished is a credo I’ve heard for years. I call your attention to the plight of a guy whose life was changed or is about to be changed due to the simple fact that he went to a baseball game.Sound intriguing? It is, consider this fellow named Steve Williams in San Francisco. Old Steve goes to the ballpark with some of his buddies to just hang out and have a good time. Nothing wrong with that is there?

More »

Posted by Peary Perry on September 26th, 2007
Permanent link: Money ball

Iran the bully
By Peter Brookes (bio)

Iran’s President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad spent much of his U.N. speech yesterday complaining of “bullying” by the West. Funny - in addition to its well-known bloody works in Iraq and Lebanon, Tehran’s meddling in Afghanistan is a major, and rising, menace.

More »

Posted by Peter Brookes on September 26th, 2007
Permanent link: Iran the bully

Signpost Up Ahead - Good Intentions
By Cory Franklin (bio)

Beneficence, the desire to do kind deeds, is the fundamental principle at the heart of medicine. Yet, one of the painful lessons medicine teaches is that good intentions don’t always lead to good outcomes. Occasionally, the result of good intentions is terrible tragedy. Two separate medical incidents reported recently, one involving the FDA and antidepressants, and the other involving UNICEF and contaminated drinking water, are painful reminders of that lesson.

More »

Posted by Cory Franklin on September 26th, 2007
Permanent link: Signpost Up Ahead - Good Intentions

Bollinger’s Free Speech Double Talk
By The Stiletto (bio)

Columbia University president Lee Bollinger exercised his free speech rights by giving guest lecturer Mahmoud Ahmadinejad a good tongue lashing. It is doubtful his words swayed the Iranian despot – “OK, OK, the Holocaust happened, and I will dismantle my nuclear program just as soon as I get back home!” -  but with his tough talk “Bollinger had clawed his way back to semi-respectability in polite society by insulting his guest - not the usual practice in polite society, but consider the depth of the hole Bollinger had dug for himself by insisting on being a good academic liberal,” as Dallas Morning News columnist Bill Murchison put it.  

More »

Posted by The Stiletto on September 26th, 2007
Permanent link: Bollinger’s Free Speech Double Talk

How it Works in Kosovo and, soon, Here
By Julia Gorin (bio)

Chris Deliso’s book The Coming Balkan Caliphate describes the ordeal of former OSCE official and Kosovo whistle-blower Tom Gambill as he tried to sound the warning about terror groups operating in the Balkans. In the process, Deliso sheds light on the difference between the type of soldier my erstwhile KFOR source is and the types of military hacks who muzzled him are:

More »

Posted by Julia Gorin on September 25th, 2007
Permanent link: How it Works in Kosovo and, soon, Here

Andrew Sullivan
By Mike Long (bio)

Andrew Sullivan, once a wise maverick of a thinker, now has but two modes of argument: self-righteous and weird. In this sample of the latter, the once-worth-reading Sullivan imagines Hillary Clinton as some 21st century Napoleon with aspirations to control the Middle East (really), and imagines Republicans as subdued serfs-in-waiting, happy to cheer for Hillary because–wait for it–a pro-Iraq-war Democrat such as Hillary legitimates the Bush presidency. Wow. I mean, wow. The publication of such laugh-compelling gas-baggery must give hope-for-a-book-deal to every self-serious, tinfoil hatted yahoo with an opinion and an Internet connection (and a thesaurus).

More »

Posted by Mike Long on September 25th, 2007
Permanent link: Andrew Sullivan

“Space” cadets
By Monica Crowley (bio)

In the high-minded and patriotic and not-at-all treasonous tradition of Sean Penn and Danny Glover, actor Kevin Spacey met yesterday with Venezuelan president Hugo Chavez.  Getting face time with the tyrant was a big score for Spacey, as he hasn’t had a serious movie role in years.  Guess this was his way of reminding Hollywood that he’s still “relevant.”

More »

Posted by Monica Crowley on September 25th, 2007
Permanent link: “Space” cadets

Who Knew?
By Julia Gorin (bio)

Kosovo - hotbed of crime, UNMIK officials corrupt

More »

Posted by Julia Gorin on September 25th, 2007
Permanent link: Who Knew?

HUMANE SOCIETY DEMANDS AMNESTY FOR IRANIAN DOGS
By Judith A. Klinghoffer (bio)

To duck a question about the prosecution of gays in Iran, Ahmadinejad denied their existence in his country. I cannot but be curious whether he will also try to deny the existence of dogs there. No, I am not being facetious. Following reports of the increasing number of dog arrests in Tehran and the appalling conditions in dog prisons. After all, not everybody can be expected to be treated with “the gentleness and kindness” Haleh Esfandiari was during her days of solitary confinement. In any case, the FT reports that the US based Humane Society “has taken up the cudgels for Iranian dogs” and is demanding Shaggy Justice (dog amnesty) in the most respectful culturally sensitive manner:

More »

Posted by Judith A. Klinghoffer on September 25th, 2007
Permanent link: HUMANE SOCIETY DEMANDS AMNESTY FOR IRANIAN DOGS

Dan-o Lawsuit Bizzaro
By The Stiletto (bio)

Dan Rather told The Washington Post’s Howard Kurtz in a telephone interview that by filing his $70-million wrongful dismissal suit against CBS, he is fighting for “the red, beating heart of our democracy,” journalism.

More »

Posted by The Stiletto on September 25th, 2007
Permanent link: Dan-o Lawsuit Bizzaro

Bollinger the Coward?
By Sam Schulman (bio)

Many have written wisely on the way that Columbia University’s president Lee Bollinger was unwise or, in Arnold Ahlert’s technical term, idiotic to have invited Iran’s dictator Ahmadinejad to a debate. Bret Stephens in today’s Wall Street Journal, the historian Arthur Herman in today’s NY Post, and Anne Applebaum in a subtle piece in today’s Slate have all pointed out the unwisdom of Bollinger’s decision to invite this murderer of students, homosexuals and Americans. However Bollinger’s plucky and eloquent performance has blunted some of the criticism - all pay some tribute to his words, and one of his strongest critics, the New York Sun’s editorial page, seems to have changed its mind about Bollinger’s actions entirely.

More »

Posted by Sam Schulman on September 25th, 2007
Permanent link: Bollinger the Coward?

A University of Useful Idiots, Part 2
By Arnold Ahlert (bio)

Last week, I characterized the students and faculty at Columbia University as “useful idiots.” What’s truly amazing is how little they understand about their usefulness or their idiocy.

More »

Posted by Arnold Ahlert on September 25th, 2007
Permanent link: A University of Useful Idiots, Part 2
« Previously
PM Fellows
Dan Ackman
Arnold Ahlert
Robert Alt
Sheryl J. Anderson
Jeff Andrus
Bob Asahina
Thomas Fox Averill
Gerard Baker
Jeff Ballabon
Anne Bayefsky
Arnold Beichman
Ralph Kinney Bennett
Claire Berlinski
Brendan Bernhard
William Beutler
Chip Bok
Jerry Bowyer
Joe Bob Briggs
Peter Brookes
Frank Buckley
Dennis Byrne
Colleen Carroll Campbell
Amb. Richard Carlson
Charles Robert Carner
Ron Cass
Jim Ceaser
Lauren Chapin
Lionel Chetwynd
Ron Christie
Andrew Colarik
Phil Cooke
Seth Cropsey
Greg Crosby
Stanley Crouch
Monica Crowley
Gordon Cucullu
Keith Curtis
Lee Casey & David B. Rivkin, Jr.
Mark Davis
Sam Dealey
Brad Dickson
Alan W. Dowd
Political Mavens Editor
Paul Eidelberg
Steven Emerson
Tucker Eskew
Amitai Etzioni
Karen Feld
Robert Ferrigno
Danny Fontana
Peter Fox
Cory Franklin
Ilana Freedman
Will Friedwald
Doug Gamble
Daveed Gartenstein-Ross
Jeff Gedmin
Robert A. George
Dan Gerstein
George Gilder
Benjamin Ginsberg
Malibu Rules Girl
Mark Goffman
John Steele Gordon
Julia Gorin
Lloyd M. Green
Paul Greenberg
Cynthia Grenier
Jennifer Grossman
Judy Gruen
Allen C. Guelzo
Michel Gurfinkiel
Jonathan Gurwitz
Dennis Hale
Karen Hall
Eldon L. Ham
Earl Hamner
Matthew P. Harrington
Aaron Keith Harris
Betsy Hart
Sam Haskell, III
Jacob Heilbrunn
Mark Hemingway
David Henderson
Scott Hennen
Amb. G. Philip Hughes
John Hughes
Patrick Hurley
Blake Hurst
Susan Isaacs
Donovan Jacobs
Dallas Jenkins
Marianne Jennings
Bridget Johnson
Melodie Johnson Howe
Brian C. Jones
Mark Joseph
Mark Judge
Stefan Kanfer
S. T. Karnick
Jeff Katz
William Katz
Jonathan Kay
Terry Kelhawk
Jack Kelly
Paul Kengor
Larry Kenny
Andrew Klavan
Judith A. Klinghoffer
Elizabeth Koch
Eugene Kontorovich
Dave Kopel
Elie D. Krakowski
Michael Krauss
Josh Larsen
Leslie S. Lebl
Norman Lebrecht
Michael LeGault
Eli Lehrer
Allan Leicht
Michael Levine
Nathan Lewin
Phil Liberatore
Amy Linker
Herbert London
Mike Long
Laura Lorson
Douglas MacKinnon
Harvey Mansfield
Stephen Mansfield
Rich Markey
Josh Marquis
Dana Marshall
Craig Mazin
David McFadzean
John Meroney
Herbert E. Meyer
Richard Miniter
Howard Mortman
Gerald Nachman
Noam Neusner
Anna Nimouse
Cyrus Nowrasteh
sambo
Mackubin Owens
Kathleen Parker
Marilyn Penn
David D. Perlmutter
Phil Perrier
Peary Perry
Eric Peters
Paul Petersen
Walid Phares
Lisa Pinto
Everett Piper
John J. Pitney,Jr.
Steve Pomerantz
Steve Pressfield
Arch Puddington
Jeremy Rabkin
Rachel Raskin-Zrihen
David Reinhard
Lisa Reitman-Dobi
Richard Riordan
Heather Robinson
Dave Rosner
Evan Sayet
Felice Schachter
Abby Wisse Schachter
Richard Schifter
William Schmidt
Sam Schulman
Sherwood and Lloyd Schwartz
Peter Schweizer
Todd Seavey
Jeremy Shane
Neal M. Sher
Dave Shiflett
Marvin Silbermintz
Max Singer
Curt Smith
Scott Stantis
Steve Stark
Harry Stein
Neil Steinberg
The Stiletto
Glenn Sulmasy
Joel Surnow
Seth Swirsky
Steven L. Taylor
Keith Thibodeaux
Bruce Thornton
Kelly Jane Torrance
Prof. Bob Turner
Cynthia Vance
Laura Vanderkam
Chris Warren
Ben Wattenberg
Ken Weinstein
Barry Weiss
Gary Weiss
Claudia Wells
Diana West
Christine B. Whelan
John O Whitaker Jr
Kaitlyn Wilkins
William Wintersole
Kate Wright
Meyrav Wurmser
Toby Young
Bryce Zabel
Robert Zelnick
John Ziegler
Spread Political Mavens
yahoo
myaol
mymsn
rojo
google
sub-bloglines
sub-feedster
newsgator
newsburst
pluck
delicious
furlit
searchfox
jrants
 
Home  |  Advertise  |  Privacy Policy  |  Subscribe

Copyright (c) 2006 POLITICAL MAVENS. All Rights Reserved.